{"id":4084,"date":"2024-10-21T09:16:33","date_gmt":"2024-10-21T00:16:33","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jcam-agri.co.jp\/wordpress\/?post_type=agriculture_science&p=4084"},"modified":"2026-02-16T17:03:35","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T08:03:35","slug":"%e7%ac%ac729%e5%8f%b7%e3%80%802021-r03-4%e7%99%ba%e8%a1%8c","status":"publish","type":"agriculture_science","link":"https:\/\/www.jcam-agri.co.jp\/en\/agriculture_science\/\u7b2c729\u53f7\u30002021-r03-4\u767a\u884c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c729\u53f7\u30002021(R03).04\u767a\u884c"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a7\u6e5b\u6c34\u6761\u4ef6\u4e0b\u306e\u6c34\u7530\u571f\u58cc\u306e\u53ef\u7d66\u614b\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u53cd\u5fdc\u3068\u305d\u306e\u63a8\u5b9a
Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University
Field Science Center for Ecological Field Education and Research
\u6559\u6388\u3000\u897f\u7530\u3000\u745e\u5f66<\/a>
\u00a7\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u7de9\u548c\u3068\u80a5\u52b9\u8abf\u7bc0\u578b\u80a5\u6599
Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
\u540d\u8a89\u6559\u6388\u3000\u72ac\u4f0f\u3000\u548c\u4e4b<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

of paddy soils under waterlogged conditions.
\u53ef\u7d66\u614b\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\u306e\u6e29\u5ea6\u53cd\u5fdc\u3068\u305d\u306e\u63a8\u5b9a<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Graduate School of Agriculture, Tohoku University
Field Science Center for Ecological Field Education and Research
\u6559\u6388\u3000\u897f\u7530\u3000\u745e\u5f66<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7c73\u56fd\u5730\u8cea\u8abf\u67fb\u6240\u306b\u3088\u308c\u3070\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u30ea\u30f3\u9271\u77f3\u306e\u7d4c\u6e08\u57cb\u8535\u91cf\u306f690\u5104\u30c8\u30f3\u3067\uff0c2019\u5e74\u5358\u5e74\u3067\u306e\u7523\u51fa\u91cf2.4\u5104\u30c8\u30f3\u306e\u304a\u3088\u305d290\u500d\u306b\u76f8\u5f53\u3059\u308b\uff08U.S. GeologicalSurvey 2020) \u3002\u7d4c\u6e08\u57cb\u8535\u91cf\u306f\u9271\u5e8a\u306e\u67af\u6e07\uff0c\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u9271\u5e8a\u306e\u767a\u898b\uff0c\u6280\u8853\u306e\u9032\u6b69\u306b\u3088\u308b\u63a1\u6398\u53ef\u80fd\u91cf\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u7b49\u306b\u3088\u308a\u5909\u52d5\u3057\uff0c\u3072\u3068\u6614\u524d\u306b\u8a00\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3088\u308a\u306f\u9577\u671f\u306b\u7d4c\u6e08\u7684\u306a\u63a1\u6398\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u3068\u898b\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u57cb\u8535\u91cf\u306b\u9650\u308a\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u78ba\u304b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u57cb\u8535\u91cf\u306f\u5317\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u301c\u4e2d\u6771\u3084\u4e2d\u56fd\u306a\u3069\u3067\u591a\u304f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u5730\u57df\u306b\u504f\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u5730\u57df\u306e\u60c5\u52e2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u4f9b\u7d66\u304c\u4e0d\u5b89\u5b9a\u306b\u306a\u308a\u304b\u306d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30ea\u30f3\u9271\u77f3\u306e\u4fa1\u683c\u306f2008\u5e74\u306b\u6025\u9a30\u3057\uff0c\u73fe\u5728\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3088\u308a\u4f4e\u304f\u63a8\u79fb\u306f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\uff0c\u6025\u9a30\u524d\u3088\u308a\u9ad8\u3044\u72b6\u614b\u304c\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u56f3\uff11\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
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\u3000In Japan, the impact of the phosphate fertilizer imports is significant because the country relies entirely on imports, and the need for efficient use of phosphate fertilizer was strongly recognized when the price of phosphate ore rose sharply. As a result, the possibility of fertilizer reduction based on soil diagnosis was studied on a nationwide scale. At the same time, studies were conducted on the variation of soluble phosphoric acid in soil. Here, we introduce a study by the authors (Nishida et al., 2018) on the relationship between temperature and changes in soluble phosphate in paddy soils under waterlogged conditions. This study was conducted at the Daisen Research Station, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, National Agricultural Research Institute, Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. relationship between soluble phosphoric acid and integrated temperature under waterlogged conditions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000In paddy fields, phosphate deficiency is particularly problematic in the early growth period when the root system is not fully developed. Typical symptoms of phosphate deficiency are reduced offshooting, which leads to a lack of ear number and reduced crop yields. Because the deficiency symptoms are enhanced by low temperatures, cold-weather soils require higher levels of available phosphate than warm-weather soils. Shiga and Yamaguchi (1976) found that 22 mg\/100 g of Bray No.2 phosphate is sufficient in a normal year, but 40 to 50 mg\/100 g or more is required in a cold year to prevent yield loss with no phosphate fertilizer application in cold regions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000This suggests that the relationship between soil phosphate availability and temperature under waterlogged conditions during the paddy rice growing season is particularly important under cool weather conditions. Therefore, we collected paddy soil samples from all over Japan (Akita, Iwate, Yamagata, Miyagi, Tochigi, Ibaraki, Niigata, Aichi, Okayama, Fukuoka, Miyazaki, and Kagoshima) and incubated them under waterlogging conditions at 10\u00b0C, 17.5\u00b0C, and 25\u00b0C in moist soil to investigate the relationship between temperature and soluble phosphate under waterlogging conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000Figure 2 shows the relationship between the total temperature and the availability of phosphoric acid (Bray No. 2 phosphoric acid) under waterlogged conditions for several soils. The relationship between total temperature and Bray No. 2 phosphate was similar at different incubation temperatures. Therefore, all subsequent analyses were based on the integrated temperature without distinguishing the incubation temperature conditions. The values of Bray No. 2 phosphate under waterlogged conditions and their variation with integrated temperature differed among the soils. In many soils, Bray No. 2 phosphate tended to increase with increasing integrated temperature, while in others it remained almost unchanged.<\/p>\n\n\n

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3.Estimation of the relationship between soluble phosphoric acid and accumulated temperature under waterlogged conditions at the early stage of rice growth.<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000As mentioned earlier, phosphate deficiency in paddy fields becomes a problem in the early stage of growth. In Daisen City, Akita Prefecture, a cold region, the accumulated soil temperature (5 cm deep in the ground) in the paddy field during the month (May 20 to June 20) just before the transplanting and drying out was 650\u00b0C on average over the four years. Bray No. 2 phosphate increased almost linearly under waterlogging conditions up to the integrated temperature of 650\u00b0C (Figure 2). Therefore, we considered that these relationships could be expressed as a straight line and performed a regression analysis. As a result, significant positive correlations were found except for four soils where Bray No.2 phosphate did not change significantly with increasing integrated temperature (data omitted).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000Therefore, it was thought that the changes in Bray No. 2 phosphate up to an integrated temperature of 650\u00b0C could be expressed by a first-order regression equation specific to each soil. However, to obtain this soil-specific regression equation, a waterlogging experiment with moist soil is necessary. Since this would require time and labor, it would be desirable to be able to estimate the change in Bray No. 2 phosphoric acid under these waterlogged conditions using the analysis of air-dried soil. Therefore, we next examined the possibility of estimating this regression equation using the analyzed values of air-dried soil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000We first examined the intercept of the regression equation for each soil, i.e., the relationship between the initial value of Bray No. 2 phosphoric acid after waterlogging and the analyzed value using air-dried soil (Table 1). Subsequent analyses were conducted separately for the non-black-bok soils (15 gray lowland soils, 3 gley soils, 1 gray plateau soil, and 1 yellow soil) and the black-bok soils (6 soils). The strongest correlation was found between Bray No. 2 phosphate (R2 = 0.947*) in the air-dried soils and the phosphate absorption coefficient (R2 = 0.920) and the intercept of the regression equation in the non-black soil (Table 1, Figure 3). These results suggest that the initial value of Bray No. 2 phosphate after waterlogging (intercept of the regression equation) can be estimated by the Bray No. 2 phosphate of air-dried soil in the non-black soil and by the phosphate absorption coefficient in the black soil.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
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\u3000It is not difficult to understand that the initial value of Bray No. 2 phosphate after waterlogging wet soil can be estimated by the Bray No. 2 phosphate value of air-dried soil. However, a strong negative correlation was observed between the initial value of Bray No. 2 phosphate after waterlogging and the phosphate absorption coefficient in the black granite soil. This is interesting because it indicates that the ability to adsorb and fix phosphoric acid determines the initial value of Bray No.2 phosphoric acid after waterlogging, rather than the ability to supply phosphoric acid, which is evaluated by the availability of air-dried phosphoric acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6b21\u306b\u6e5b\u6c34\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306e\u7a4d\u7b97\u6e29\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\uff08\u56de\u5e30\u5f0f\u306e\u50be\u304d\uff09\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u691c\u8a0e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u8868\uff12) \u3002\u975e\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\uff0c\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3068\u3082\u306b\u30a2\u30b9\u30b3\u30eb\u30d3\u30f3\u9178\u9084\u5143\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\u3068\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\u3068\u306e\u5dee\uff08\u975e\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\uff1aR2=0.826\uff0c \u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\uff1aR2 =0.847)\uff0c \u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u30a2\u30b9\u30b3\u30eb\u30d3\u30f3 \u9178\u9084\u5143\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3 \u9178\u3068\u30c8\u30eb\u30aa\u30fc\u30b0\u30ea\u30f3\u9178 \u3068\u306e\u5dee\uff08\u975e\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\uff1a R2 =0.830\uff0c\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\uff1aR2=0.739*\uff09\u3068\u306e\u9593\u306b\u5f37\u3044\u6b63\u306e\u76f8\u95a2\u304c\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u305f\uff08\u8868\uff12\uff0c\u56f3\uff14) \u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u9084\u5143\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306e\u53ef\u7d66\u614b\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\uff08\u30a2\u30b9\u30b3\u30eb\u30d3\u30f3\u9178\u9084\u5143\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\uff09\u3068\u975e\u9084\u5143\u6761\u4ef6\u306e\u53ef\u7d66\u614b\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\uff08\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\uff0c\u30c8\u30eb\u30aa\u30fc\u30b0\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\uff09\u3068\u306e\u5dee\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\uff0c\u6e5b\u6c34\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306e\u30d6\u30ec\u30a4No.2\u30ea\u30f3\u9178\u306e\u7a4d\u7b97\u6e29\u5ea6\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u5897\u52a0\u7a0b\u5ea6\u3092\u63a8\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000On the other hand, the highest coefficient of determination in the black granite soil was the phosphate absorption coefficient (R2 = 0.936), which showed a strong negative correlation (Table 2, Figure 4). This indicates that in addition to the ability to supply phosphoric acid, the ability to adsorb and fix phosphoric acid strongly affects the extent to which Bray No. 2 phosphoric acid increases with temperature under waterlogging conditions in the black granite soil. In other words, the initial value of Bray No.2 phosphate under waterlogging conditions and its subsequent change with accumulated temperature are strongly limited by the ability to adsorb and fix phosphoric acid in the black granite soil.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000The above results suggest that the changes in Bray No.2 phosphoric acid and its total temperature in cold climates under waterlogging conditions about one month after transplanting can be estimated from the availability of air-dried soil phosphate (Bray No.2 phosphoric acid and ascorbate-reduced Bray No.2 phosphoric acid) in the case of non-black soil and from the phosphate absorption coefficient of air-dried soil or availability of Bray No.2 phosphoric acid (Bray No.2 phosphoric acid and ascorbate-reduced Bray No.2 phosphoric acid) in the case of black soil. Phosphate (Bray No.2 phosphate and ascorbate-reduced Bray No.2 phosphate) for black granite soils. Examples of estimations for several soils are shown in Figure 5.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
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4. Conclusion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000In this study, the response of soil soluble phosphoric acid to temperature under waterlogged conditions was determined for a wide range of soils. In this study, the Bray No. 2 method (quasi-method) was used to analyze the soluble phosphoric acid in soils under waterlogged conditions. The solid-liquid ratio of extraction was 1:20 according to the Soil Environmental Analysis Method. However, the basic target values for improvement of paddy soil in the basic guidelines for soil fertility enhancement and the diagnostic standard values at the prefectural level are almost always set using the Tor-Og method. In a previous study by Shiga and Yamaguchi (1976), the solids\/liquid ratio was 1:10 and the Bray No. 2 method was used for analysis of free-form phosphoric acid.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000When more effective use of phosphorus resources is strongly required and more precise soil diagnostic standard values are needed, it will be effective to clarify the relationship between analytical values by each method and to integrate these findings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

thanks<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000The authors would like to express their deepest gratitude to the late Dr. Koji Yoshida, who conducted this research with us and provided guidance and encouragement throughout. The authors would like to express their gratitude to the agricultural research institutes in each prefecture, the Kyushu-Okinawa Agricultural Research Center of the National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, and Tohoku University for their cooperation in soil sampling for this study.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u25cfMizuhiko Nishida, Koji Yoshida, Tomoki Takahashi. 2018.
\u3000Estimation of changes in available soil phosphate under submerged conditions associated with temperature during the tillering stage of rice plant in the cool climate region of Japan.
\u3000Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis. 49. 1695-1706.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25cf\u5fd7\u8cc0\u4e00\u4e00, \u5c71\u53e3\u7d00\u5b50\uff0e1976\uff0e
\u3000\u5bd2\u5730\u7a32\u4f5c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u571f\u58cc\u306e\u71d0\u9178\u80a5\u6c83\u5ea6\u53ca\u3073\u71d0\u9178\u65bd\u80a5\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u306b\u95a2\u3059\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u3000\u7b2c\uff13\u5831
\u3000\u7a92\u7d20\u65bd\u7528\u91cf\u53ca\u3073\u5e74\u6b21\u5909\u52d5\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2. \u5317\u6d77\u9053\u8fb2\u696d\u8a66\u9a13\u5834\u7814\u7a76\u5831\u544a. 116. 139-155.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u25cfU.S. Geological Survey. 2020.
\u3000Mineral Commodity Summaries.
\u3000https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/centers\/nmic\/phosphate-rock-statistics-and-information<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Climate Change Mitigation and Fertilizer Regulation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Graduate School of Horticulture, Chiba University
\u540d\u8a89\u6559\u6388\u3000\u72ac\u4f0f\u3000\u548c\u4e4b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u65e5\u672c\u3082\u6e29\u6696\u5316\u9632\u6b62\u306e\u305f\u30812050\u5e74\u306b\u30ab\u30fc\u30dc\u30f3\u30fb\u30cb\u30e5\u30fc\u30c8\u30e9\u30eb\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u8a18\u61b6\u306b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u7684\u306b\u3082\u3053\u306e\u76ee\u6a19\u306f\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u6700\u5c0f\u9650\u306b\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u59a5\u5f53\u3068\u8a00\u3048\u308b\u3067\u3057\u3087\u3046\u3002\u30dd\u30b9\u30c8\u30fb\u30b3\u30ed\u30ca\u3067\u6b27\u5dde\u3082\u4e00\u5c64\u306e\u5faa\u74b0\u578b\u793e\u4f1a\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3059\u30b0\u30ea\u30fc\u30f3\u30fb\u30ea\u30ab\u30d0\u30ea\u30fc\uff08\u7dd1\u306e\u5fa9\u8208\uff09\u3092\u65d7\u5370\u306b\u63b2\u3052\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8fb2\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u3067\u306e\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u30ac\u30b9\u524a\u6e1b\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\uff0c\u672c\u8a8c\u3067\u3082\u65e2\u306b\u7d39\u4ecb\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u30591)<\/sup>\u304c\uff0c\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\u7279\u306b\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u306e\u9ad8\u3044\u4e00\u9178\u5316\u4e8c\u7a92\u7d20\uff08N2<\/sub>O\uff09\u306e\u8fb2\u5730\u304b\u3089\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u3084\u5236\u5fa1\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u80a5\u52b9\u8abf\u7bc0\u578b\u80a5\u6599\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u306a\u3069\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306e\u4e8b\u4f8b\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12\uff0e\u4e00\u9178\u5316\u4e8c\u7a92\u7d20\uff08N2<\/sub>O\uff09\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u306e\u53ce\u652f\u3068\u751f\u6210<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u30b0\u30ed\u30fc\u30d0\u30eb\u30fb\u30ab\u30fc\u30dc\u30f3\u30fb\u30d7\u30ed\u30b8\u30a7\u30af\u30c8\uff08GCP\uff09\u306f\uff0c\u4e00\u9178\u5316\u4e8c\u7a92\u7d20\uff08N2<\/sub>O\uff09\u306e\u5168\u3066\u306e\u767a\u751f\u6e90\u3068\u5438\u53ce\u6e90\u3092\u8a73\u7d30\u306b\u7db2\u7f85\u3057\u305f\u4e16\u754c\u306eN2<\/sub>O\u53ce\u652f\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4e00\u9178\u5316\u4e8c\u7a92\u7d20\u53ce\u652f2020\u300d\u3092\u516c\u8868\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u6210\u679c\u3092\u307e\u3068\u3081\u305f\u8ad6\u6587\u306f\uff0c2020\u5e7410\u67088\u65e5\u306b\u56fd\u969b\u5b66\u8853\u8a8cNature2)<\/sup>\u306b\u63b2\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u300210\u670829\u65e5\u306b\u306fGCP\u3064\u304f\u3070\u56fd\u969b\u30aa\u30d5\u30a3\u30b9\u3068\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u7814\u7a76\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\uff0cJAMSTEC\uff0cFuture Earth\u65e5\u672c\u30cf\u30d6\u306e\u5171\u50ac\u3067\uff0c\u30aa\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30f3\u306b\u3088\u308b\u516c\u958b\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e9\u30e0\u304c\u958b\u50ac\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e9\u30e0\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u5171\u540c\u57f7\u7b46\u306b\u53c2\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u7814\u7a76\u8005\uff0c\u7279\u306b\u8fb2\u696d\u3084\u98df\u6599\u751f\u7523\uff0c\u571f\u58cc\u3084\u80a5\u6599\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5206\u91ce\u3092\u5c02\u9580\u306b\u7814\u7a76\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8b1b\u5e2b\u304c\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u89e3\u8aac\u3057\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u3082\u300c\u571f\u58cc\u306e\u8996\u70b9\u304b\u3089\u898b\u308bN2<\/sub>O\u767a\u751f\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3068\u5b9f\u73fe\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u7de9\u548c\u300d\u3068\u984c\u3057\u3066\uff0cN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u306b\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u5f71\u97ff\u56e0\u5b50\u3068N2<\/sub>O\u306e\u7de9\u548c\u7b56\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u5831\u544a\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u307e\u305a\u5730\u7403\u74b0\u5883\u7814\u7a76\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u7269\u8cea\u5faa\u74b0\u30e2\u30c7\u30ea\u30f3\u30b0\u30fb\u89e3\u6790\u7814\u7a76\u5ba4\u306e\u4f0a\u85e4\u662d\u5f66\u5ba4\u9577\u306f\uff0c\u4e16\u754c\u306eN2<\/sub>O\u53ce\u652f\uff082007\u301c2016\u5e74\uff09\u306e\u6982\u8981\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u56f3\uff11) \u3002N2<\/sub>O\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u8d77\u6e90\uff0857%\uff09\u3068\u4eba\u70ba\u8d77\u6e90\uff0843%\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u81ea\u7136\u8d77\u6e90\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u306f9.3Tg(1Tg\uff1d1012<\/sup>g\uff0c100\u4e07\u30c8\u30f3) \uff0c\u4eba\u70ba\u8d77\u6e90\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u304c7.3Tg\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5408\u8a08\u3059\u308b\u3068\u7d0417Tg\u304c\u6bce\u5e74\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u6210\u5c64\u570f\u3084\u5bfe\u6d41\u570f\u3067\u306e\u5316\u5b66\u53cd\u5fdc\u306b\u3088\u308a\u6bce\u5e7413.5Tg\u6d88\u6ec5\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5dee\u3057\u5f15\u304d\u3059\u308b\u3068\u6bce\u5e743.5Tg\u304c\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306b\u6b8b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5730\u57df\u5225\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u304c\u6700\u5927\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u6e90\uff08\u5e74\u9593\u7d043Tg\uff09\u3067\u3059\u3002\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u306f\u9762\u7a4d\u304c\u5e83\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3068\uff0c\u71b1\u5e2f\u6797\u304b\u3089\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308bN2<\/sub>O\u304c\u591a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3059\u3002\u71b1\u5e2f\u6797\u306f\u5e74\u9593\u3092\u901a\u3058\u3066\u6e29\u5ea6\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u964d\u6c34\u91cf\u304c\u591a\u3044\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u306e\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u6d3b\u767a\u3067N2<\/sub>O\u304c\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6b21\u304c\u5357\u7c73\uff0c\u6771\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u3067\uff0c\u5e74\u9593\u7d042Tg\u3067\u3059\u3002\u5357\u7c73\u306f\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u71b1\u5e2f\u6797\u304b\u3089\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u304c\u591a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u6771\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306f\u8fb2\u696d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u304c\u7a81\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u6d77\u6d0b\u304b\u3089\u3082\u5e74\u95932\u301c3Tg\u653e\u51fa\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u63a8\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3067\u5dee\u304c\u3042\u308a\u4e0d\u78ba\u5b9f\u6027\u304c\u6b8b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4e16\u754c\u306eN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u306f\u6bce\u5e741%\u4ee5\u4e0a\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u8fb2\u696d\u306f\u6700\u5927\u306e\u4eba\u70ba\u8d77\u6e90\u653e\u51fa\u6e90\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4eba\u70ba\u8d77\u6e90\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u306e\u5730\u57df\u5225\u306e\u5909\u52d5\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u8fd1\u5e74\uff0c\u8fb2\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u76db\u3093\u306a\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\uff0c\u6b21\u3044\u3067\u5357\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u3068\u30a2\u30d5\u30ea\u30ab\u304b\u3089\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u304c\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u7279\u306b\u6771\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u306f\u8fb2\u5730\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5316\u5b66\u80a5\u6599\u30fb\u5806\u80a5\u6295\u5165\u91cf\uff08\uff0b\u76f4\u63a5\u6392\u51fa\uff09\u306e\u5897\u52a0\u3068\u95a2\u9023\u304c\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3053\u306e30\u6570\u5e74\u9593\u3067\uff12\u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13\uff0eN2<\/sub>O\u306e\u751f\u6210\u3068\u5f71\u97ff\u56e0\u5b50<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u7b46\u8005\u304cN2<\/sub>O\u751f\u6210\u306e\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\uff0c\u597d\u6c17\u7684\u306a\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306e\u785d\u5316\uff08\u30a2\u30f3\u30e2\u30cb\u30a2\u304c\u5fae\u751f\u7269\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u9178\u5316\u3055\u308c\uff0c\u4e9c\u785d\u9178\u5869\u3084\u785d\u9178\u5869\u306b\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b)\u3067\u306e\u526f\u7523\u7269\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3068\uff0c\u6c34\u7530\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5acc\u6c17\u7684\u6761\u4ef6\u3067\u306e\u8131\u7a92\uff08\u571f\u58cc\u4e2d\u306e\u785d\u9178\u6027\u7a92\u7d20\u304c\u9084\u5143\u3055\u308c\uff0c\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u306b\u5206\u5b50\u72b6\u306e\u7a92\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\uff09\u3067\u306e\u4e2d\u9593\u7523\u7269\u306e\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000N2<\/sub>O\u306e\u767a\u751f\u306b\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53ca\u307c\u3059\u56e0\u5b50\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\uff11. \u571f\u58cc\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\uff0c\uff12. \u6dfb\u52a0\u7269\uff08\u30d0\u30a4\u30aa\u70ad\u306a\u3069)\uff0c\uff13. \u571f\u58cc\u7ba1\u7406\u3068\u5236\u5fa1\uff08\u7de9\u52b9\u6027\u80a5\u6599\uff0c\u785d\u5316\u6291\u5236\u5264\u306a\u3069)\uff0c\uff14.\u6c34\u7530\u5703\u5834\u306e\u6c34\u7ba1\u7406\uff0c\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u767a\u751f\u5236\u5fa1\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\uff08\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u3068N2<\/sub>O\u306e\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\u30aa\u30d5\uff09\u304c\u3042\u308a\u307e\u3059\u3002\u672c\u7a3f\u3067\u306f\u7d19\u9762\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3067\uff0c\u7279\u306b\uff13. \u3068\uff14. \u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\uff0e\u571f\u58cc\u7ba1\u7406\u3068N2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u306e\u5236\u5fa1<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u8fd1\u5e74\uff0c\u71b1\u5e2f\u6797\u304c\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u690d\u7269\u6cb9\u8102\u539f\u6599\u3067\u3042\u308b\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30e4\u30b7\u306e\u30d7\u30e9\u30f3\u30c6\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f3\u304c\u6025\u6fc0\u306b\u5897\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306a\u304b\u3067\uff0c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\uff11\u304b\u6240\uff08Tunggal\uff0c\u56f3\uff12\u306e\u2460)\uff0c\u30de\u30ec\u30fc\u30b7\u30a2\uff12\u304b\u6240\uff08Simunjan\uff0c\u56f3\uff12\u306e\u2461\uff1bTatau\uff0c\u56f3\uff12\u306e\u2462\uff09\u306e\u5927\u898f\u6a21\u8fb2\u5712\u3067\uff0c\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u7121\u6a5f\u8cea\u571f\u58cc\uff08\u2460\uff0c\u2461\uff09\u3068\u6709\u6a5f\u7269\u304c\u591a\u3044\u6ce5\u70ad\u571f\u58cc\uff08\u2462\uff09\u306b\uff0c\uff11) \u7121\u80a5\u6599\u533a(B)\uff0c\uff12) \u5f93\u6765\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u65bd\u80a5\u91cf\u3067\u5316\u5b66\u80a5\u6599\u3092\u8868\u9762\u65bd\u7528\u3059\u308b\u6163\u884c\u533a(C)\uff0c\uff13) \u90e8\u5206\u8015\u8d77\u3060\u3051\u306e\u533a (B2)\uff0c\uff14) \u80a5\u52b9\u8abf\u7bc0\u578b\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u30b8\u30a7\u30a4\u30ab\u30e0\u30a2\u30b0\u30ea\uff0cMEISTER (LP\u30b3\u30fc\u30c8)\uff09\u3092\u534a\u5206\u306e\u65bd\u80a5\u91cf\u306b\u3057\u3066\u90e8\u5206\u8015\u8d77\u5f8c\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u8a66\u9a13\u533a (M) \u3092\u8a2d\u3051\uff0cN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u3092340\u301c580\u65e5\u9593\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u6bd4\u8f03\u3057\u3066\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff13)<\/sup>The following is a list of the most common problems with the \"C\" in the \"C\" column.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000Tunggal\u304b\u3089\u306f\u80a5\u52b9\u8abf\u7bc0\u578b\u80a5\u6599\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066N2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u304c\u6709\u610f\u306b\u4e0b\u304c\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u56f3\uff13) \u3002Simunjan\u306f\u96e8\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306a\u306e\u3067\u80a5\u6599\u304c\u6d41\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3044\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u30a2\u30d6\u30e9\u30e4\u30b7\u306e\u53ce\u91cf\u306f\u80a5\u6599\u3092\u534a\u5206\u306e\u91cf\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u80a5\u52b9\u8abf\u7bc0\u578b\u80a5\u6599\u3068\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u5909\u308f\u3089\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f4)<\/sup>\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u30ed\u30b9\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u304fN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u3082\u6291\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u6ce5\u70ad\u5730\u306eTatau\u3067\u306fN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u304c\u6841\u9055\u3044\u306b\u591a\u304f\uff0c\u80a5\u6599\u306e\u52b9\u679c\u3082\u660e\u78ba\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u71b1\u5e2f\u571f\u58cc\u3067\u3082\u305d\u306e\u7a2e\u985e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\uff0c\u52b9\u679c\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5206\u304b\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n


\u3000\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u7de9\u548c\u7b56\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304c\u785d\u5316\u6291\u5236\u5264\u3067\u3059\u3002\u785d\u5316\u306e\u904e\u7a0b\u306b\u306f\u30a2\u30f3\u30e2\u30cb\u30a2\u306e\u9178\u5316\u3068\u4e9c\u785d\u9178\u306e\u9178\u5316\u304c\u3042\u308a\uff0c\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u30d6\u30ed\u30c3\u30af\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067N2<\/sub>O\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u3092\u6291\u3048\u308b\u6291\u5236\u5264\u304c\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u30b8\u30b7\u30a2\u30f3\u30b8\u30a2\u30df\u30c9\uff08DCD\uff09\u306a\u3069\u5316\u5b66\u5408\u6210\u54c1\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u3059\u3067\u306b\u80a5\u6599\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u306b\u6df7\u305c\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\u306e\u30de\u30ab\u30c3\u30b5\u30fc\u30eb\u5927\u5b66\u3084\u56fd\u969b\u8fb2\u6797\u6c34\u7523\u696d\u7814\u7a76\u30bb\u30f3\u30bf\u30fc\u3067\u958b\u767a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u690d\u7269\u7531\u6765\u306e\u785d\u5316\u6291\u5236\u7269\u8cea\u306fN2<\/sub>O\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u3092\u304b\u306a\u308a\u6291\u5236\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3059\uff15)<\/sup>\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\uff0c\u5b9f\u7528\u5316\u304c\u671f\u5f85\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. water management in rice paddy fields and its competitive relationship with methanogenesis<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6c34\u7530\u304b\u3089\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u308b\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u30ac\u30b9\u306e\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u3092\u6c34\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u3067\u6e1b\u3089\u3059\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u4e2d\u5e72\u3057\u5ef6\u9577\u306a\u3069\u304c\u52b9\u679c\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u304c\uff0c\u6d77\u5916\u3067\u306e\u6709\u52b9\u6027\u3092\u78ba\u304b\u3081\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u5357\u90e8\u306e\u30bf\u30df\u30eb\u30ca\u30c9\u30a5\u8fb2\u696d\u5927\u5b66\u3068\u5171\u540c\u3067\u5703\u5834\u5b9f\u9a13\u3092\u884c\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\uff08\u56f3\uff14)\uff16)<\/sup>\u3002\u5730\u4e0b\u6c34\u4f4d\u3092\u6570\u65e5\u304a\u304d\u306b15cm\u304f\u3089\u3044\u307e\u3067\u4e0b\u3052\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9593\u65ad\u704c\u6f11\u3068\u5e7c\u82d7\u4e00\u672c\u758e\u690d\u3092\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u9ad8\u53ce\u91cf\u7a32\u4f5c\u6cd5\uff08SRI\u8fb2\u6cd5\uff09\u533a\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u5e38\u6642\u6e5b\u6c34\u306e\u5bfe\u7167\u533a\u3068\u8f03\u3079\u3066\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u306e\u653e\u51fa\u91cf\u3092\uff14\u301c\uff15\u5272\u4e0b\u3052\u3089\u308c\uff0c50%\u7a0b\u5ea6\u7bc0\u6c34\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000\u3057\u304b\u3082\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u524a\u6e1b\u3067\u30c8\u30ec\u30fc\u30c9\u30aa\u30d5\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u61f8\u5ff5\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305fN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u306b\u6709\u610f\u306a\u5909\u5316\u306f\u3042\u308a\u307e\u305b\u3093\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6771\u5357\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u306e\u30d5\u30a3\u30ea\u30d4\u30f3\uff0c\u30a4\u30f3\u30c9\u30cd\u30b7\u30a2\uff0c\u30bf\u30a4\uff0c\u30d9\u30c8\u30ca\u30e0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u306a\u7bc0\u6c34\u683d\u57f9\u8a66\u9a13\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3053\u308d\uff0c\u30e1\u30bf\u30f3\u306f\u524a\u6e1b\u3067\u304d\uff0cN2<\/sub>O\u653e\u51fa\u306b\u306f\u3055\u307b\u3069\u5f71\u97ff\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. at the end<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u65b0\u578b\u30b3\u30ed\u30ca\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5f71\u97ff\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\uff0c\u56fd\u969b\u571f\u58cc\u79d1\u5b66\u9023\u5408\uff08IUSS\uff09\u5143\u4f1a\u9577\u306eRattan Lal\u5148\u751f\u306e\u8ad6\u65877)<\/sup>\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u307e\u3059\u3002\u571f\u58cc\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u306f\u4eba\u3005\u306e\u5065\u5eb7\u3084\u8ca7\u56f0\u89e3\u6d88\uff0c\u6c17\u5019\u5909\u52d5\u5bfe\u7b56\u306e\u57fa\u76e4\u3067\u3059\u3002\u4eca\u5f8c\uff0cCOVID-19\u306e\u5f71\u97ff\u3067\u4eba\u9593\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u5909\u5bb9\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u98df\u6599\u751f\u7523\u4f53\u7cfb\u304c\u5909\u308f\u308a\uff0c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u571f\u58cc\u7ba1\u7406\u65b9\u6cd5\u3082\uff0c\u4eca\u307e\u3067\u4ee5\u4e0a\u306b\u6301\u7d9a\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u91cd\u8996\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5909\u8c8c\u3057\u3066\u884c\u304f\u3068\u4e88\u60f3\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u80a5\u6599\u306e\u751f\u7523\u3084\u5229\u7528\u3082\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305fN2<\/sub>O\u306e\u5927\u6c17\u4e2d\u5bff\u547d\u306f\u7d04120\u5e74\u3068\uff0c\u4ed6\u306e\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u30ac\u30b9\u3088\u308a\uff11\u6841\u9577\u3044\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u672a\u6765\u3078\u306e\u8ca0\u306e\u907a\u7523\u3068\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\uff0c\u524a\u6e1b\u7b56\u3092\u9032\u3081\u3066\u3086\u304f\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

References<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uff11\uff09\u658e\u85e4\u96c5\u5178\uff1a2019\uff0e
\u3000\u3000\u8fb2\u696d\u6d3b\u52d5\u3068\u6e29\u5ba4\u52b9\u679c\u30ac\u30b9\u6392\u51fa\u524a\u6e1b\uff0c
\u3000\u3000\u8fb2\u696d\u3068\u79d1\u5b66\uff0c\u4ee4\u548c\u5143\u5e7412\u6708\u53f7\uff0c7\u221211.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff12\uff09Tian H., Xu R., Canadell J.G., Yao Y. et al.\uff1a2020.
\u3000\u3000A comprehensive quantification of global nitrous oxide sources and sinks,
\u3000\u3000Nature, 586, 248\u2212256.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff13\uff09Sakata R., Shimada S., Arai H., Yoshioka N., Yoshioka R., Aoki H., Kimoto N., Sakamoto A.,Melling L., and Inubushi K.\uff1a2015.
\u3000\u3000Effect of soil types and nitrogen fertilizer on nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide emissions in oil palm plantations, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 61, 48\u221260.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff14\uff09Sakata R.\uff1a2017.
\u3000\u3000Soil, fertilizer and topography affect emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide, and yield of oil palm in Indonesia and Malaysia, \u5343\u8449\u5927\u5b66\u535a\u58eb\u8ad6\u6587.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff15\uff09Jumadi O., Hala Y., Iriany R.N., Makkulawu A.T., Baba J., Hartono, Hiola St.F., and Inubushi K.\uff1a 2020. Combined effects of nitrification inhibitor and zeolite on greenhouse gas fluxes and corn growth. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 2087\u22122095.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff16\uff09Oo A.Z., Sudo S., Inubushi K., Mano M., Yamamoto A., Ono K., Osawa T., Hayashida S., Patra P.K., Terao Y., Elayakumar P., Vanitha K., Umamageswari C., Jothimani P. and Ravi V.\uff1a2018. Methane and nitrous oxide emissions from conventional and modified rice cultivation systems in South India, Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment,252, 148\u2212158.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff17\uff09Lal R.\uff1a2020. Soil Science beyond COVID-19,
\u3000\u3000Journal of Soil and Water Conservation, 1\u22123. doi:10.2489\/jswc.2020.0408A<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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