{"id":4338,"date":"2024-10-21T09:10:19","date_gmt":"2024-10-21T00:10:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.jcam-agri.co.jp\/wordpress\/?post_type=agriculture_science&p=4338"},"modified":"2026-02-16T17:01:08","modified_gmt":"2026-02-16T08:01:08","slug":"%e7%ac%ac736%e5%8f%b7%e3%80%802021-r03-1%e7%99%ba%e8%a1%8c","status":"publish","type":"agriculture_science","link":"https:\/\/www.jcam-agri.co.jp\/en\/agriculture_science\/\u7b2c736\u53f7\u30002021-r03-1\u767a\u884c\/","title":{"rendered":"\u7b2c736\u53f7\u30002021(R03).12\u767a\u884c\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u00a7\u5148\u4eba\u304c\u7bc9\u3044\u305f\u5742\u4e95\u8fb2\u5834\uff08\u7b2c\uff12\u56de\uff09
\u301c120 Years of History - A Look Back at the Transition of Varieties, Fertilizers, etc. as Reflected in the Transcripts
JA Fukui Sakai Farm
\u524d \u8fb2\u5834\u9577\u3000\u9577\u8c37\u5ddd\u3000\u5f70<\/a>
\u00a7\u571f\u306e\u306f\u306a\u3057\u2212\u7b2c\uff17\u56de
\u3088\u3044\u571f\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3000\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u2212\u305d\u306e\uff12
\u9178\u6027\u969c\u5bb3\u304c\u3067\u308b\u571f\u3068\u3067\u306b\u304f\u3044\u571f
Jcam Agri Co.
\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u652f\u5e97\u3000\u6280\u8853\u9867\u554f
\u677e\u4e2d\u3000\u7167\u592b<\/a>
\u00a72021\u5e74\u672c\u8a8c\u65e2\u520a\u7dcf\u76ee\u6b21<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sakai Farm built by our predecessors (Part 2)
\u301c120 Years of History - A Look Back at the Transition of Varieties, Fertilizers, etc. as Reflected in the Transcripts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

JA Fukui Sakai Farm
\u524d \u8fb2\u5834\u9577\u3000\u9577\u8c37\u5ddd\u3000\u5f70<\/p>\n\n\n\n

III. Showa Era (1st to 20th century, prewar)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5927\u6b63\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u5168\u56fd\u5e73\u5747\u53ce\u91cf\u306f290kg\/10a\u3067\uff0c\u660e\u6cbb\u6642\u4ee3\u672b\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u3084\u3084\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306e\u4f9d\u7136\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f4e\u6c34\u6e96\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c\uff12\u5e74\u3082\u5927\u6b63\u6642\u4ee3\u3068\u540c\u69d8\uff0c\u6c34\u7a32\u5358\u72ec\u306e\u53d6\u7d44\u307f\u3067\uff0c\u904e\u71d0\u9178\u77f3\u7070\u3084\u77f3\u7070\u7a92\u7d20\uff0c\u786b\u5b89\uff0c\u786b\u9178\u52a0\u91cc\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u5143\u80a5\u30fb\u8ffd\u80a5\u8a66\u9a13\u3084\u5bb3\u866b\u9632\u9664\u306a\u3069\u304d\u3081\u7d30\u304b\u306a\u8a66\u9a13\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u662d\u548c14\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u56fd\u3067\u80b2\u6210\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8fb2\u6797\uff11\u53f7\uff0c\u8fb2\u6797\uff16\u53f7\u306e\u683d\u57f9\u8a66\u9a13\u3084\u7a32\u71b1\u75c5\u9632\u9664\u8a66\u9a13\u3092\u5b9f\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c16\u5e74\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u592a\u5e73\u6d0b\u6226\u4e89\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308a\uff0c17\u5e74\u306b\u7c73\u306e\u5168\u91cf\u3092\u56fd\u304c\u8cb7\u3044\u5165\u308c\u3059\u308b\u98df\u7ce7\u7ba1\u7406\u6cd5\u304c\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1) Outline of variety testing (from local native varieties to government-bred varieties such as Norinbayashi-go 1)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u662d\u548c\uff12\u5e74\u306e\u6210\u7e3e\u66f8\u306b\u3088\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u4e3b\u306b\u798f\u4e95\u770c\u7acb\u8fb2\u4e8b\u8a66\u9a13\u5834\u304b\u3089\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u5bc4\u305b\uff0c\u5317\u9678\u5730\u57df\u3084\u5c71\u5f62\u770c\u306e\u672c\u9593\u8fb2\u5834\u304b\u3089\u3082\u5165\u624b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300e\u5927\u5834\u300f\u300e\u7c73\u5149\u300f\u300e\u9152\u7530\u65e9\u751f\u300f\u300e\u8d64\u73cd\u5b50\u300f\u300e\u4ea4\u914d25\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u66693\u53f7\u300f\u306a\u306926\u54c1\u7a2e\u304c\u683d\u57f9\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u662d\u548c14\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u798f\u4e95\u770c\u7acb\u8fb2\u4e8b\u8a66\u9a13\u5834\u306a\u3069\u770c\u5185\u5404\u5730\u304b\u3089\uff0c\u770c\u5916\u304b\u3089\u306f\u5bcc\u5c71\u770c\u304b\u3089\u7a2e\u5b50\u3092\u53d6\u308a\u5bc4\u305b\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u300e\u8fb2\u67971\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u8fd1\u757f19\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u5f37\u65b0\u77f3\u767d\u300f\u306a\u306917\u54c1\u7a2e\u3067\u5728\u6765\u54c1\u7a2e\u306b\u52a0\u3048\uff0c\u56fd\u7b49\u306e\u8a66\u9a13\u5834\u3067\u4ea4\u914d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u54c1\u7a2e\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u662d\u548c16\u5e74\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u798f\u4e95\u770c\u306e\u4e3b\u306a\u54c1\u7a2e\u306f,\u300e\u8fb2\u67971\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u798f\u4e95\u9280\u574a\u4e3b\u300f\u300e\u767d\u73cd\u5b50\u300f\u300e\u8fb2\u67976\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u4e2d\u751f\u65ed\u300f\u3067,\u300e\u8fb2\u67971\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u798f\u4e95\u9280\u574a\u4e3b\u300f\u3067\u5168\u4f53\u306e43%\u3092\u5360\u3081\uff0c\u5927\u6b63\u6642\u4ee3\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u4e00\u6bb5\u3068\u54c1\u7a2e\u306e\u96c6\u7d04\u5316\u304c\u9032\u307f\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n
\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

(2) Outline of fertilizers, etc. (from soybean meal to chemical fertilizers and mono-fertilizers)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u662d\u548c\uff12\u5e74\u306e\u65bd\u7528\u57fa\u6e96\u3092\u307f\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u82d7\u4ee3\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u5927\u8c46\u7c95\uff0c\u904e\u71d0\u9178\u77f3\u7070\uff0c\u786b\u5b89)\uff0c\u672c\u7530\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u5927\u8c46\u7c95\uff0c\u786b\u5b89\uff09\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c14\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u82d7\u4ee3\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u786b\u9178\u52a0\u91cc\uff0c\u786b\u5b89\uff0c\u904e\u71d0\u9178\u77f3\u7070)\uff0c\u672c\u7530\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u77f3\u7070\u7a92\u7d20\uff0c\u786b\u9178\u52a0\u91cc\uff0c\u786b\u5b89\uff0c\u904e\u71d0\u9178\u77f3\u7070\uff0c\u5927\u8c46\u7c95\uff09\u304c\u4e00\u822c\u306b\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\uff0c\u5927\u6b63\u6642\u4ee3\u3068\u6bd4\u3079\u5316\u5b66\u80a5\u6599\u306e\u30a6\u30a8\u30a4\u30c8\u304c\u9ad8\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c14\u5e74\u306e\uff11\u53cd\u3042\u305f\u308a\u306e\u80a5\u6599\u8cbb\uff08\u4e2d\u751f\uff09\u306f\u786b\u9178\u52a0\u91cc2\u8cab\uff0c\u5927\u8c46\u7c9517\u8cab\uff0c\u77f3\u7070\u7a92\u7d206\u8cab\u306a\u3069\u5408\u8a0811\u518657\u92ad\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002\u306a\u304a\uff0c\u7c73\u4fa1\u306f16\u518635\u92ad\/\u4ff5\u3067\uff0c\u7c73\u53ce\u5165\u306b\u5360\u3081\u308b\u80a5\u6599\u8cbb\u306e\u5272\u5408\u306f13%\u3068\u5927\u6b6313\u5e74\u3054\u308d\u3068\u307b\u307c\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

IV. Showa Era (FY21-FY63)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000The national average yield from the first to the 20th year of the Showa Era was 300 kg\/tract, almost the same level as the 290 kg\/tract during the Taisho Era (1912-1926). In addition to weather disasters such as cold damage, shortages of production materials such as fertilizers are thought to have been a major factor.
\u3000In addition to variety and fertilizer tests, in FY2013, five years after the end of the war, a fertility test was conducted to clarify the relationship between weather and paddy rice growth, and technical information on growth was provided, which was considerably enhanced compared to the prewar period. In addition, the company has improved seedling cultivation methods by conducting comparative tests of heat-retaining eclectic nurseries and normal nurseries, and has conducted detailed surveys of urea fertilizer, ammonium sulfate, and potassium chloride as well as other methods of ear fertilization.
\u3000The national average yield from 1946 to 1965 was 357 kg\/10a (353 kg in Fukui Prefecture), a significant increase from the first half of the Showa period (1912-1945).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000Unfortunately, the farm's records up to 1973 have since been lost and are unknown.
\u3000\u662d\u548c36\u5e74\u306b\u306f\u81ea\u7acb\u7d4c\u55b6\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u305f\u8fb2\u696d\u57fa\u672c\u6cd5\u304c\u5236\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\uff0c\u662d\u548c44\u5e74\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u30b3\u30b7\u30d2\u30ab\u30ea\u306a\u3069\u306e\u826f\u8cea\u7c73\u306e\u6d41\u901a\u3092\u4fc3\u9032\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u81ea\u4e3b\u6d41\u901a\u7c73\u5236\u5ea6\u304c\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c41\u5e74\u4ee5\u964d\u3082\u53ce\u91cf\u306f\u5897\u52a0\u3057\u6709\u53f2\u4ee5\u6765\u521d\u3081\u3066\u30b3\u30e1\u4e0d\u8db3\u304b\u3089\u904e\u5270\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\uff0c\u662d\u548c44\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u8a66\u9a13\u7684\u306b\u8ee2\u4f5c\u304c\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c49\u5e74\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u65e9\u751f\u54c1\u7a2e\u3053\u3057\u306b\u3057\u304d\u306e\u6a5f\u68b0\u5316\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3084\u4f4e\u30b3\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u305f\u76f4\u64ad\u683d\u57f9\uff0c\u826f\u98df\u5473\u54c1\u7a2e\u306e\u30b3\u30b7\u30d2\u30ab\u30ea\u306e\u4f5c\u4ed8\u3051\u62e1\u5927\u3092\u76ee\u6307\u3057\u539f\u7a2e\u78ba\u4fdd\u30fb\u63d0\u4f9b\u306b\u52aa\u3081\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u5909\u5316\u304c\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u307e\u3059\u3002\u662d\u548c53\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u306f\uff0c\u672c\u683c\u7684\u306a\u751f\u7523\u8abf\u6574\u30fb\u6c34\u7530\u5229\u7528\u518d\u7de8\u5bfe\u7b56\u304c\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002\u5897\u53ce\u6280\u8853\u306e\u8ffd\u6c42\u304b\u3089\u7701\u529b\u3068\u54c1\u8cea\u30fb\u98df\u5473\u91cd\u8996\u3068\u5927\u304d\u304f\u8ee2\u63db\u3057\u3066\u304d\u307e\u3057\u305f\u3002
\u3000\u662d\u548c63\u5e74\u306b\u306f\uff0c\u65e9\u751f\u306e\u30d5\u30af\u30d2\u30ab\u30ea\uff0c\u4e2d\u751f\u306e\u30b3\u30b7\u30d2\u30ab\u30ea\u306a\u3069\u65e9\u5834\u7c73\uff0c\u826f\u8cea\u7c73\u306e\u591a\u53ce\u8a66\u9a13\u3084\u5012\u4f0f\u8efd\u6e1b\u5bfe\u7b56\u306b\u52a0\u3048\uff0c\u8ee2\u4f5c\u9762\u7a4d\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u9ea6\u306e\u5968\u52b1\u54c1\u7a2e\u8a66\u9a13\u3084\u7c73\u306e\u4ed6\u7528\u9014\u5229\u7528\u3092\u5ff5\u982d\u306b\u591a\u53ce\u54c1\u7a2e\u306e\u8a66\u4f5c\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u7d44\u3093\u3067\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

(1) Outline of variety testing (from No.1 to Hounenwase and Koshihikari)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u524d\u534a\u306e\u54c1\u7a2e\u8a66\u9a13\u306f\u53ce\u91cf\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306f\u53ce\u7a6b\u6642\u671f\u3084\u5473\u7b49\u306b\u91cd\u70b9\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u662d\u548c26\u5e74\u306e\u8a66\u9a13\u306f,\u300e\u8fb2\u67971\u53f7\u300f\u306a\u3069\u3092\u30d9\u30fc\u30b9\u306b\u300e\u8fb2\u679732\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u95a2\u677141\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u8fd1\u757f33\u53f7\u300f\u300e\u5343\u672c\u65ed\u300f\u306a\u306914\u54c1\u7a2e\u3067\u5b9f\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u5f53\u6642\u306e\u798f\u4e95\u770c\u306e\u4e3b\u306a\u54c1\u7a2e\u306f\u300e\u8fb2\u6797\uff11\u53f7\u300f\u3067\u4f5c\u4ed8\u9762\u7a4d\u306e21%\u3092\u5360\u3081\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\u3000Around 1974, \"Hounenwase,\" \"Koshihikari,\" and \"Kimpa\" were the standard varieties, and \"Echinan 111,\" \"Echinan 110,\" and \"Tokai 41\" were grown in trials, with many of these varieties bred at the Fukui Agricultural Experiment Station, a designated national experimental site. The main varieties grown in Fukui Prefecture in 1973 were \"Hounenwase,\" \"Kimpa,\" and \"Koshihikari,\" with \"Hounenwase\" accounting for about 501 TP3T of the total.
\u3000In 1988, five varieties, including \"Echigo-Nan 140,\" \"Echigo-Nan 143,\" and \"Yamahikari,\" were planted, with the early variety \"Fukuhikari\" and the late variety \"Nihonbaru\" as the standard. The main varieties in Fukui Prefecture in 1983 were \"Koshihikari,\" \"Fukuhikari,\" and \"Nihonbaru,\" with \"Koshihikari\" accounting for approximately 371 tons of the total. Koshihikari\" was a variety that met the needs of the times, from increased food production to good taste. In 1988, the price of Koshihikari rice for voluntary distribution (Fukui Prefecture) was 22,300 yen per bale, which was higher than the government rice price.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(2) Outline of fertilizers, etc. (from mono-fertilizers to compound fertilizers and advanced compound fertilizers)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u662d\u548c26\u5e74\u306e\u65bd\u7528\u57fa\u6e96\u306f\uff0c\u82d7\u4ee3\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u5806\u80a5\uff0c\u904e\u71d0\u9178\u77f3\u7070\uff0c\u786b\u5b89\uff0c\u5869\u5316\u52a0\u91cc)\uff0c\u672c\u7530\u80a5\u6599\uff08\u5806\u80a5\uff0c\u904e\u71d0\u9178\u77f3\u7070\uff0c\u786b\u5b89\uff0c\u5869\u5316\u52a0\u91cc\uff0c\u77f3\u7070\u7a92\u7d20\uff09\u3067\uff0c\u65b0\u80a5\u6599\u8a66\u9a13\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u56fa\u5f62\u80a5\u6599\uff0c\u7c92\u72b6\u77f3\u7070\u7a92\u7d20\uff0c\u5c3f\u7d20\u306a\u3069\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002
\u3000Around 1973, rice field fertilizers (rice No. 23 and Oyaishi composite fertilizer) were used, and there was a shift from single fertilizers to compound fertilizers. In 1988, the first and second fertilizers were used, and the Koshihikari rice was fertilized about 12 kg\/10a in N content and three times with ear fertilizer. The reason for the much higher amount of N applied to Koshihikari than today is thought to be that the fertilizer absorption and growth characteristics of Koshihikari were not fully understood, and that yield was still more important than quality and taste in the face of high prices.
\u3000Fertilizers were mainly highly chemical fertilizers, and today's bases were established around this time. In addition, the names and packages of fertilizers were standardized throughout the prefecture, and each manufacturer was able to demonstrate its own originality in the ammonium sulfate and ammonium chloride types, etc.
\u3000Fertilizer costs in 1973 and 1988 were 3,459 yen\/10a and 10,605 yen\/10a, respectively, according to the Annual Report of Prefectural Crop Statistics. The price of rice increased from 10,390 yen per bale in 1973 to 16,743 yen per bale in 1988. The fertilizer cost as a percentage of rice income in 1988 was about 81 TP3T.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

No Soil - No. 7
\u3088\u3044\u571f\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3000\u5316\u5b66\u7684\u6027\u8cea\u2212\u305d\u306e\uff12
\u9178\u6027\u969c\u5bb3\u304c\u3067\u308b\u571f\u3068\u3067\u306b\u304f\u3044\u571f<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Jcam Agri Co.
\u5317\u6d77\u9053\u652f\u5e97\u3000\u6280\u8853\u9867\u554f
\u677e\u4e2d\u3000\u7167\u592b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000Last month, I pointed out that the appropriate pH (pH measured using pure water H2O) for good soil for crop production is in the range of 5.5 to 6.5. The reason why the appropriate range is slightly on the acidic side is that the soil in Japan is subject to acidification due to abundant rainfall, and crops suitable for such conditions are grown in Japan. He also pointed out that, of the factors that cause soil acidification and adversely affect crop growth, aluminum (Al) is the factor that has the greatest adverse effect.
\u3000However, there are various kinds of soils that are highly acidic with a pH lower than 5.0 but do not cause serious damage to crops. This month, we will consider why this is the case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. soil that allows corn to grow vigorously even in highly acidic conditions<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000First, look at Figure 1. This is the result of corn cultivation using two types of soil derived from volcanic ash widely distributed in Japan (commonly known as volcanic ash soil, or more correctly, black box soil).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"\"<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

\u3000\u56f3\uff11\u3067\u5de6\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306f\uff0c\u308f\u304c\u56fd\u306e\u4ee3\u8868\u7684\u306a\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3067\uff0c\u30a2\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30f3\u8cea\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3068\u3088\u3070\u308c\u308b\u571f\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\uff0cA\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3068\u7565)\u3002\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u7d50\u6676\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u3064\u304f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u7c98\u571f\u9271\u7269\uff08\u30a2\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30f3\u3084\u30a4\u30e2\u30b4\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u7c98\u571f\u9271\u7269\uff09\u3092\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u305f\u540d\u524d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\uff0c\u53f3\u306e\u4e8c\u3064\u306f\u6771\u5317\u5730\u65b9\u3084\u5317\u6d77\u9053\uff0c\u3055\u3089\u306b\u672c\u5dde\u3067\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u6d77\u5074\u306a\u3069\u306b\u5206\u5e03\u3059\u308b\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3067\uff0c\u975e\u30a2\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30f3\u8cea\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u308b\u571f\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff08\u4ee5\u4e0b\u3067\u306f\uff0cN\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3068\u7565)\u3002\u3053\u306e\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u306e\u4e3b\u8981\u306a\u7c98\u571f\u9271\u7269\u306f\u30a2\u30ed\u30d5\u30a7\u30f3\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u660e\u78ba\u306a\u7d50\u6676\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u6301\u3064\u7c98\u571f\u9271\u7269\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5927\u304d\u306a\u7279\u5fb4\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002
\u3000The pH of the A black soil was 4.8 and that of the N black soil was 4.5, making them highly acidic soils. We compared the growth of corn plants in these soils with and without acidification with calcium carbonate (calcium carbonate), an alkaline material, after supplying sufficient lime superphosphate as a phosphorus material.
\u3000If the soil is highly acidic, as these two A black box soils are, corn growth should deteriorate unless the soil is acidified. However, strangely enough, there was no significant difference in the growth of corn in the left two A black soil, regardless of whether the soil was acidified or not. On the other hand, in the case of the two N black box soils on the right, the growth of corn plants was greatly suppressed without acidification. In other words, there were two types of soils: one in which acid damage appeared in the crop even when the soil was acidified (in the case of the two N black box soils on the right of Fig. 1), and the other in which this did not occur (in the case of the two A black box soils on the left of Fig. 1). Why is this?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. exchange acidity (y1) was different<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u901a\u5e38\uff0c\u571f\u306epH\u306f\u7d14\u6c34\uff08H2<\/sub>O\uff09\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6e2c\u5b9a\u65b9\u6cd5\u3068\u3057\u3066\uff0c\u5869\u5316\u30ab\u30ea\u30a6\u30e0\uff08KCl\uff09\u6eb6\u6db2\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3068\u304d\u306fpH\uff08KCl\uff09\u3068\u8868\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3002
\u3000The idea of using potassium chloride solution to measure pH came from Gintaro Daikubara, who was the first in the world to research methods of improving soil acidity. He believed that soil acidification adversely affects crops because of aluminum ions dissolved in soil moisture (soil solution), and that the degree of adverse effect is determined by the amount of exchangeable aluminum retained in the soil. As a method to measure this, he devised an ion-exchange method in which the exchangeable aluminum retained in the soil was ion-exchanged with potassium ions in a potassium chloride solution and released into the solution.
\u3000\u571f\u304b\u3089\u5869\u5316\u30ab\u30ea\u30a6\u30e0\u6eb6\u6db2\u306b\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30a2\u30eb\u30df\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u306f\uff0c\u6eb6\u6db2\u306eH2<\/sub>O\u3068\u6b21\u3005\u306b\u53cd\u5fdc\u3057\u3066\u6c34\u7d20\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308a\u3060\u3059\u3002\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3081\uff0c\u6c34\u7d20\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u6fc3\u5ea6\u304c\u6fc3\u304f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u9178\u6027\u5ea6\u304c\u5f37\u307e\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u5f37\u307e\u3063\u305f\u9178\u6027\u5ea6\u3092\u30a2\u30eb\u30ab\u30ea\u6027\u306e\u6c34\u9178\u5316\u30ca\u30c8\u30ea\u30a6\u30e0\uff08\u82db\u6027\u30bd\u30fc\u30c0)\u6eb6\u6db2\u3067\u4e2d\u548c\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u4e2d\u548c\u306b\u5fc5\u8981\u306a\u6c34\u9178\u5316\u30ca\u30c8\u30ea\u30a6\u30e0\u306e\u91cf\uff08\u30df\u30ea\u30ea\u30c3\u30c8\u30eb\uff1d\u3396\uff09\u3067\uff0c\u9593\u63a5\u7684\u306b\u30a2\u30eb\u30df\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u3092\u6e2c\u5b9a\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3396\u5024\u3092\u4ea4\u63db\u9178\u5ea6\u3068\u3088\u3073\uff0c\u8a18\u53f7\u3092y1\uff08\u30ef\u30a4\u30ef\u30f3\uff09\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3002
\u3000The y1 values of the two black granite soils used in the experiment shown in Figure 1 were 4.4 for A-Black soil and 28.0 for N-Black soil, which is significantly different from the y1 value of A-Black soil. In other words, the A soil was originally low in exchangeable aluminum, the substance responsible for acid damage, while the N soil had nearly seven times more than the A soil.
\u3000Therefore, it can be understood that corn, which is relatively tolerant to acidity, did not suffer from growth failure with the amount of exchangeable aluminum as low as that of A black soil, even if the pH was very acidic. On the other hand, if the amount of exchangeable aluminum is high, as in the case of N black soil, the amount of aluminum ions in the soil solution will increase and cause acid damage to the roots if the soil is not acidified.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. why exchange acidity (y1) varies from soil to soil<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000The reason that corn could grow without acidification even though the soil is highly acidic is because the A black box soil could not retain much exchangeable aluminum. The question is why.
\u3000\u3053\u308c\u306b\u306f\u307e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u306a\u3053\u3068\u306a\u306e\u3060\u304c\uff0c\u571f\u304c\u6301\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30de\u30a4\u30ca\u30b9\u3084\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u9759\u96fb\u6c17\uff08\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u3068\u6b63\u8377\u96fb\uff09\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u304c\u6df1\u304f\u95a2\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u8a73\u7d30\u306f\u3053\u306e\u9023\u8f09\u3067\u6539\u3081\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u308b)\u3002
\u3000A\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u304c\u6301\u3064\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u3084\u6b63\u8377\u96fb\u306f\uff0c\u5468\u308a\u306e\u571f\u58cc\u6eb6\u6db2\u306epH\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5927\u304d\u304f\u5909\u5316\u3059\u308b\uff08\u3053\u308c\u3092\u5909\u7570\u8377\u96fb\u3068\u3044\u3046)\u3002\u3053\u306e\u6027\u8cea\u3092\u3082\u3064\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u306f\uff0c\u571f\u304c\u9178\u6027\u306b\u50be\u304f\u3068\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u4e0a\u9178\u6027\u5316\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4f5c\u7528\u3057\uff0c\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u96fb\u6c17\u3092\u5e2f\u3073\u305f\u6c34\u7d20\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u304c\u571f\u58cc\u6eb6\u6db2\u3078\u653e\u51fa\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u306b\u9759\u96fb\u6c17\u7684\u306b\u3072\u304d\u3064\u3051\u3066\u4fdd\u6301\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u614b\u3092\u7dad\u6301\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u306a\u308b\u3068\uff0c\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u306f\u6c34\u7d20\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u3067\u3075\u3055\u304c\u308c\u305f\u307e\u307e\u306a\u306e\u3067\uff0c\u7a7a\u3044\u305f\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u30d7\u30e9\u30b9\u306e\u96fb\u6c17\u3092\u3082\u3064\u30a2\u30eb\u30df\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u30a4\u30aa\u30f3\u306f\u571f\u306e\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u3064\u3051\u3089\u308c\u3066\u4ea4\u63db\u6027\u30a2\u30eb\u30df\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306e\u7a7a\u3044\u305f\u8ca0\u8377\u96fb\u304c\u306a\u3044A\u9ed2\u30dc\u30af\u571f\u3067\u306f\uff0c\u4ea4\u63db\u6027\u30a2\u30eb\u30df\u30cb\u30a6\u30e0\u304c\u5b89\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u4fdd\u6301\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u6240\u304c\u306a\u304f\uff0c\u305d\u306e\u7d50\u679c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4ea4\u63db\u9178\u5ea6\uff08y1\uff09\u304c\u5c0f\u3055\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002
\u3000On the other hand, the N-black soil does not have the same properties as the A-black soil and functions as a loading charge at all times. Therefore, when aluminum ions with a positive charge approach the soil, they are attracted to and retained by the loading charge, exchanging ions with hydrogen ions held in the loading charge. Therefore, exchangeable aluminum can exist stably in N-black soil, and the amount of exchangeable aluminum is increased, resulting in a large exchange acidity (y1).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. the importance of measuring exchange acidity (y1)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u3000Japanese soil is prone to acidification. Therefore, it is often pointed out that we must prevent acidification by giving charcoal every year. This emphasis on the need to prevent acidification has led to the careless application of calcium carbonate to soil without any soil diagnosis, resulting in the creation of soil with a high pH level. To determine whether a soil needs special attention with regard to acidification, y1 should be measured.
\u3000N-black soil susceptible to acid injury is considered to have a y1 value of 5 or higher. The criteria for determining whether a soil is susceptible to acid injury vary from crop to crop because each crop has a different tolerance to acidity. Therefore, it is difficult to generalize the criteria. However, it is important to add y1 to soil diagnosis as well as pH measurement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2021\u5e74\u672c\u8a8c\u65e2\u520a\u7dcf\u76ee\u6b21<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\uff1c\uff11\u6708\u53f7\uff1e
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\u3000\u6c5f\u6238\u5ddd\u5206\u5834
\u3000\u7530\u65d7\u3000\u88d5\u4e5f<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u30b8\u30a7\u30a4\u30ab\u30e0\u30a2\u30b0\u30ea\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e\u3000\u897f\u65e5\u672c\u652f\u5e97<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u540d\u8a89\u6559\u6388\u3000\u72ac\u4f0f\u3000\u548c\u4e4b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u6280\u8853\u9867\u554f\u3000\u677e\u4e2d\u3000\u7167\u592b<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\uff1c\uff16\u6708\u53f7\uff1e
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\u3000\u8fb2\u696d\u7814\u7a76\u6240
\u3000\u5357\u5c71\u3000\u6075
\u00a7\u571f\u306e\u306f\u306a\u3057\u2212\u7b2c\uff12\u56de\u3000\u3088\u3044\u571f\u306e\u6761\u4ef6
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